In Sudan, the most commonly used optical cables are single-mode and multimode fiber optic cables, which feature cylindrical (disc-shaped) cores for light transmission.

Fiber Optic Cable Types

Single-mode fiber cables have a small core diameter, typically around 9 microns, allowing only one light path to pass through. This design supports long-distance, high-speed communication, making it ideal for Sudan's undersea and long-haul terrestrial networks, such as the Port Sudan to Douala corridor and railway-based deployments . Single-mode fibers are preferred for backbone connections due to minimal signal loss over long distances. Multimode fiber cables have larger cores, usually 50–62.5 microns, allowing multiple light paths. These are suitable for medium-range communication, such as connecting cities or regional hubs within Sudan . Multimode fibers are often used in urban networks or shorter links where high bandwidth is required but distances are moderate.

Cable Construction

Optical fibers are composed of three main layers: the core, cladding, and outer jacket. The core is the central disc-shaped strand of glass or plastic through which light travels. The cladding surrounds the core with a lower refractive index material, reflecting light back into the core to maintain signal integrity. The outer jacket provides environmental protection, making the cables suitable for outdoor and harsh conditions .

Deployment in Sudan

Sudan has been expanding its fiber optic infrastructure along railway networks and undersea connections. The Sudan Railway Corporation has been proposed as a route for laying fiber optic cables to connect remote towns, leveraging the long railway tracks for cost-effective deployment . Additionally, undersea fiber cables, such as the Port Sudan to Douala corridor, enhance international connectivity and reduce reliance on satellite communications . Both single-mode and multimode fibers are used depending on distance and bandwidth requirements.

Summary

The disc-shaped optical cables commonly used in Sudan are primarily single-mode and multimode fiber optic cables, featuring cylindrical cores for efficient light transmission. These cables are deployed in long-distance backbones, railway networks, and undersea links, providing high-speed, reliable connectivity across the country .